Enhanced methods for measuring electromagnetic wave propagation characteristics in urban environments

Abstract

This paper provides an in-depth analysis of methodologies for measuring electromagnetic wave (EMW) propagation in urban environments, combining mathematical models and empirical measurements to create an accurate understanding of signal behavior. EMW propagation is heavily influenced by urban structures, vegetation, and environmental factors, leading to significant challenges in signal prediction, optimization, and network performance in densely built areas. By merging theoretical and empirical approaches, this work examines and refines path loss, attenuation, diffraction, and scattering models, and validates findings with data from measurement campaigns. Through this synthesis, we aim to establish a robust framework for assessing EMW characteristics, crucial for next-generation wireless systems like 5G and 6G.